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tan^2(x)= 1/(cos(x)+1)

Solution

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

Solution

x = 0.64026 \dots + 2 πn, x = 2 π - 0.64026 \dots + 2 πn, x = 2.15910 \dots + 2 πn, x = - 2.15910 \dots + 2 πn

Degrees

x = 36.68445 \dots^{\circ} + 36 0^{\circ} n, x = 323.31554 \dots^{\circ} + 36 0^{\circ} n, x = 123.70783 \dots^{\circ} + 36 0^{\circ} n, x = - 123.70783 \dots^{\circ} + 36 0^{\circ} n

Solution steps

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

Square both sides

(tan^{2} (x))^{2} = (\frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1})^{2}

Subtract

(\frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1})^{2}

from both sides

tan^{4} (x) - \frac{1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}} = 0

Simplify

tan^{4} (x) - \frac{1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}} : \frac{tan ^{4} ( x ) ( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2} - 1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}

tan^{4} (x) - \frac{1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}

Convert element to fraction:

tan^{4} (x) = \frac{tan ^{4} ( x ) ( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}

= \frac{tan ^{4} ( x ) ( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}} - \frac{1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}

Since the denominators are equal, combine the fractions:

\frac{a}{c} \pm \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \pm b}{c}

= \frac{tan ^{4} ( x ) ( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2} - 1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}}

\frac{tan ^{4} ( x ) ( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2} - 1}{( cos ( x ) + 1 ) ^{2}} = 0

\frac{f ( x )}{g ( x )} = 0 \Rightarrow f (x) = 0

tan^{4} (x) (cos (x) + 1)^{2} - 1 = 0

Rewrite using trig identities

- 1 + (1 + cos (x))^{2} tan^{4} (x)

Use the basic trigonometric identity:

cos (x) = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= - 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} tan^{4} (x)

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} tan^{4} (x) = 0

Factor

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} tan^{4} (x) : (tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) + 1) (tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) - 1)

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} tan^{4} (x)

Rewrite

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} tan^{4} (x)

- 1 + ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x))^{2}

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} tan^{4} (x)

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b c} = (a^{b})^{c}

tan^{4} (x) = (tan^{2} (x))^{2}

= - 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} (tan^{2} (x))^{2}

Apply exponent rule:

a^{m} b^{m} = (ab)^{m}

(1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )})^{2} (tan^{2} (x))^{2} = ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x))^{2}

= - 1 + ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x))^{2}

= - 1 + ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x))^{2}

Apply Difference of Two Squares Formula:

x^{2} - y^{2} = (x + y) (x - y)

- 1 + ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x))^{2} = ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x) + 1) ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x) - 1)

= ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x) + 1) ((1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x) - 1)

(tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) + 1) (tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) - 1) = 0

Solving each part separately

tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) + 1 = 0 or tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) - 1 = 0

tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) + 1 = 0 :

No Solution

tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) + 1 = 0

Rewrite using trig identities

1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x)

Use the Pythagorean identity:

tan^{2} (x) + 1 = sec^{2} (x)

tan^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x) - 1

= 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1)

Simplify

1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1) : sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1)

Expand

(1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1) : sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

(1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1)

Apply FOIL method:

(a + b) (c + d) = a c + a d + b c + b d

a = 1, b = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}, c = sec^{2} (x), d = - 1

= 1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) + 1 \cdot (- 1) + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} (- 1)

Apply minus-plus rules

+ (- a) = - a

= 1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Simplify

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )} : sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x)

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x)

Multiply:

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x)

= sec^{2} (x)

1 \cdot 1 = 1

1 \cdot 1

Multiply the numbers:

1 \cdot 1 = 1

= 1

\frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) = sec (x)

\frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x)

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{1 \cdot sec ^{2} ( x )}{sec ( x )}

Multiply:

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x)

= \frac{sec ^{2} ( x )}{sec ( x )}

Cancel the common factor:

sec (x)

= sec (x)

1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )} = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Multiply:

1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )} = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= 1 + sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Simplify

1 + sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} : sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 + sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Group like terms

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} + 1 - 1

1 - 1 = 0

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

- \frac{1}{sec ( x )} + sec (x) + sec^{2} (x) = 0

Solve by substitution

- \frac{1}{sec ( x )} + sec (x) + sec^{2} (x) = 0

Let:

sec (x) = u

- \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0

- \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0 : u \approx 0.75487 \dots

- \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0

Multiply both sides by

u

- \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0

Multiply both sides by

u

- \frac{1}{u} u + uu + u^{2} u = 0 \cdot u

Simplify

- \frac{1}{u} u + uu + u^{2} u = 0 \cdot u

Simplify

- \frac{1}{u} u : - 1

- \frac{1}{u} u

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= - \frac{1 \cdot u}{u}

Cancel the common factor:

u

= - 1

Simplify

uu : u^{2}

uu

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

uu = u^{1 + 1}

= u^{1 + 1}

Add the numbers:

1 + 1 = 2

= u^{2}

Simplify

u^{2} u : u^{3}

u^{2} u

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

u^{2} u = u^{2 + 1}

= u^{2 + 1}

Add the numbers:

2 + 1 = 3

= u^{3}

Simplify

0 \cdot u : 0

0 \cdot u

Apply rule

0 \cdot a = 0

= 0

- 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

- 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

- 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

Solve

- 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0 : u \approx 0.75487 \dots

- 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

Write in the standard form

a_{n} x^{n} + \dots + a_{1} x + a_{0} = 0

u^{3} + u^{2} - 1 = 0

Find one solution for

u^{3} + u^{2} - 1 = 0

using Newton-Raphson:

u \approx 0.75487 \dots

u^{3} + u^{2} - 1 = 0

Newton-Raphson Approximation Definition

f (u) = u^{3} + u^{2} - 1

Find

f^{^{'}} (u) : 3 u^{2} + 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3} + u^{2} - 1)

Apply the Sum/Difference Rule:

(f \pm g)^{'} = f^{'} \pm g^{'}

= \frac{d}{d u} (u^{3}) + \frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) - \frac{d}{d u} (1)

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3}) = 3 u^{2}

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3})

Apply the Power Rule:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 3 u^{3 - 1}

Simplify

= 3 u^{2}

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) = 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2})

Apply the Power Rule:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 2 u^{2 - 1}

Simplify

= 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (1) = 0

\frac{d}{d u} (1)

Derivative of a constant:

\frac{d}{d x} (a) = 0

= 0

= 3 u^{2} + 2 u - 0

Simplify

= 3 u^{2} + 2 u

Let

u_{0} = 1

Compute

u_{n + 1}

until

Δ u_{n + 1} < 0.000001

u_{1} = 0.8 : Δ u_{1} = 0.2

f (u_{0}) = 1^{3} + 1^{2} - 1 = 1

f^{^{'}} (u_{0}) = 3 \cdot 1^{2} + 2 \cdot 1 = 5

u_{1} = 0.8

Δ u_{1} = ∣ 0.8 - 1 ∣ = 0.2

Δ u_{1} = 0.2

u_{2} = 0.75681 \dots : Δ u_{2} = 0.04318 \dots

f (u_{1}) = 0. 8^{3} + 0. 8^{2} - 1 = 0.152

f^{^{'}} (u_{1}) = 3 \cdot 0. 8^{2} + 2 \cdot 0.8 = 3.52

u_{2} = 0.75681 \dots

Δ u_{2} = ∣ 0.75681 \dots - 0.8 ∣ = 0.04318 \dots

Δ u_{2} = 0.04318 \dots

u_{3} = 0.75488 \dots : Δ u_{3} = 0.00193 \dots

f (u_{2}) = 0.75681 \dots^{3} + 0.75681 \dots^{2} - 1 = 0.00625 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{2}) = 3 \cdot 0.75681 \dots^{2} + 2 \cdot 0.75681 \dots = 3.23195 \dots

u_{3} = 0.75488 \dots

Δ u_{3} = ∣ 0.75488 \dots - 0.75681 \dots ∣ = 0.00193 \dots

Δ u_{3} = 0.00193 \dots

u_{4} = 0.75487 \dots : Δ u_{4} = 3.80818 E - 6

f (u_{3}) = 0.75488 \dots^{3} + 0.75488 \dots^{2} - 1 = 0.00001 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{3}) = 3 \cdot 0.75488 \dots^{2} + 2 \cdot 0.75488 \dots = 3.21930 \dots

u_{4} = 0.75487 \dots

Δ u_{4} = ∣ 0.75487 \dots - 0.75488 \dots ∣ = 3.80818 E - 6

Δ u_{4} = 3.80818 E - 6

u_{5} = 0.75487 \dots : Δ u_{5} = 1.47065 E - 11

f (u_{4}) = 0.75487 \dots^{3} + 0.75487 \dots^{2} - 1 = 4.73444 E - 11

f^{^{'}} (u_{4}) = 3 \cdot 0.75487 \dots^{2} + 2 \cdot 0.75487 \dots = 3.21927 \dots

u_{5} = 0.75487 \dots

Δ u_{5} = ∣ 0.75487 \dots - 0.75487 \dots ∣ = 1.47065 E - 11

Δ u_{5} = 1.47065 E - 11

u \approx 0.75487 \dots

Apply long division:

\frac{u ^{3} + u ^{2} - 1}{u - 0.75487 \dots} = u^{2} + 1.75487 \dots u + 1.32471 \dots

u^{2} + 1.75487 \dots u + 1.32471 \dots \approx 0

Find one solution for

u^{2} + 1.75487 \dots u + 1.32471 \dots = 0

using Newton-Raphson:

No Solution for

u \in R

u^{2} + 1.75487 \dots u + 1.32471 \dots = 0

Newton-Raphson Approximation Definition

f (u) = u^{2} + 1.75487 \dots u + 1.32471 \dots

Find

f^{^{'}} (u) : 2 u + 1.75487 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2} + 1.75487 \dots u + 1.32471 \dots)

Apply the Sum/Difference Rule:

(f \pm g)^{'} = f^{'} \pm g^{'}

= \frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) + \frac{d}{d u} (1.75487 \dots u) + \frac{d}{d u} (1.32471 \dots)

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) = 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2})

Apply the Power Rule:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 2 u^{2 - 1}

Simplify

= 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (1.75487 \dots u) = 1.75487 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (1.75487 \dots u)

Take the constant out:

(a \cdot f)^{'} = a \cdot f^{'}

= 1.75487 \dots \frac{d u}{d u}

Apply the common derivative:

\frac{d u}{d u} = 1

= 1.75487 \dots \cdot 1

Simplify

= 1.75487 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (1.32471 \dots) = 0

\frac{d}{d u} (1.32471 \dots)

Derivative of a constant:

\frac{d}{d x} (a) = 0

= 0

= 2 u + 1.75487 \dots + 0

Simplify

= 2 u + 1.75487 \dots

Let

u_{0} = - 1

Compute

u_{n + 1}

until

Δ u_{n + 1} < 0.000001

u_{1} = 1.32471 \dots : Δ u_{1} = 2.32471 \dots

f (u_{0}) = (- 1)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 1) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.56984 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{0}) = 2 (- 1) + 1.75487 \dots = - 0.24512 \dots

u_{1} = 1.32471 \dots

Δ u_{1} = ∣ 1.32471 \dots - (- 1) ∣ = 2.32471 \dots

Δ u_{1} = 2.32471 \dots

u_{2} = 0.09766 \dots : Δ u_{2} = 1.22705 \dots

f (u_{1}) = 1.32471 \dots^{2} + 1.75487 \dots \cdot 1.32471 \dots + 1.32471 \dots = 5.40431 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{1}) = 2 \cdot 1.32471 \dots + 1.75487 \dots = 4.40431 \dots

u_{2} = 0.09766 \dots

Δ u_{2} = ∣ 0.09766 \dots - 1.32471 \dots ∣ = 1.22705 \dots

Δ u_{2} = 1.22705 \dots

u_{3} = - 0.67437 \dots : Δ u_{3} = 0.77204 \dots

f (u_{2}) = 0.09766 \dots^{2} + 1.75487 \dots \cdot 0.09766 \dots + 1.32471 \dots = 1.50565 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{2}) = 2 \cdot 0.09766 \dots + 1.75487 \dots = 1.95021 \dots

u_{3} = - 0.67437 \dots

Δ u_{3} = ∣ - 0.67437 \dots - 0.09766 \dots ∣ = 0.77204 \dots

Δ u_{3} = 0.77204 \dots

u_{4} = - 2.14204 \dots : Δ u_{4} = 1.46766 \dots

f (u_{3}) = (- 0.67437 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 0.67437 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.59605 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{3}) = 2 (- 0.67437 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = 0.40612 \dots

u_{4} = - 2.14204 \dots

Δ u_{4} = ∣ - 2.14204 \dots - (- 0.67437 \dots) ∣ = 1.46766 \dots

Δ u_{4} = 1.46766 \dots

u_{5} = - 1.29037 \dots : Δ u_{5} = 0.85166 \dots

f (u_{4}) = (- 2.14204 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 2.14204 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 2.15403 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{4}) = 2 (- 2.14204 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = - 2.52920 \dots

u_{5} = - 1.29037 \dots

Δ u_{5} = ∣ - 1.29037 \dots - (- 2.14204 \dots) ∣ = 0.85166 \dots

Δ u_{5} = 0.85166 \dots

u_{6} = - 0.41210 \dots : Δ u_{6} = 0.87826 \dots

f (u_{5}) = (- 1.29037 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 1.29037 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.72533 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{5}) = 2 (- 1.29037 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = - 0.82587 \dots

u_{6} = - 0.41210 \dots

Δ u_{6} = ∣ - 0.41210 \dots - (- 1.29037 \dots) ∣ = 0.87826 \dots

Δ u_{6} = 0.87826 \dots

u_{7} = - 1.24093 \dots : Δ u_{7} = 0.82882 \dots

f (u_{6}) = (- 0.41210 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 0.41210 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.77135 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{6}) = 2 (- 0.41210 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = 0.93065 \dots

u_{7} = - 1.24093 \dots

Δ u_{7} = ∣ - 1.24093 \dots - (- 0.41210 \dots) ∣ = 0.82882 \dots

Δ u_{7} = 0.82882 \dots

u_{8} = - 0.29600 \dots : Δ u_{8} = 0.94492 \dots

f (u_{7}) = (- 1.24093 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 1.24093 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.68694 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{7}) = 2 (- 1.24093 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = - 0.72698 \dots

u_{8} = - 0.29600 \dots

Δ u_{8} = ∣ - 0.29600 \dots - (- 1.24093 \dots) ∣ = 0.94492 \dots

Δ u_{8} = 0.94492 \dots

u_{9} = - 1.06383 \dots : Δ u_{9} = 0.76782 \dots

f (u_{8}) = (- 0.29600 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 0.29600 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.89288 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{8}) = 2 (- 0.29600 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = 1.16286 \dots

u_{9} = - 1.06383 \dots

Δ u_{9} = ∣ - 1.06383 \dots - (- 0.29600 \dots) ∣ = 0.76782 \dots

Δ u_{9} = 0.76782 \dots

u_{10} = 0.51763 \dots : Δ u_{10} = 1.58147 \dots

f (u_{9}) = (- 1.06383 \dots)^{2} + 1.75487 \dots (- 1.06383 \dots) + 1.32471 \dots = 0.58956 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{9}) = 2 (- 1.06383 \dots) + 1.75487 \dots = - 0.37279 \dots

u_{10} = 0.51763 \dots

Δ u_{10} = ∣ 0.51763 \dots - (- 1.06383 \dots) ∣ = 1.58147 \dots

Δ u_{10} = 1.58147 \dots

Cannot find solution

The solution is

u \approx 0.75487 \dots

u \approx 0.75487 \dots

Verify Solutions

Find undefined (singularity) points:

u = 0

Take the denominator(s) of

- \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2}

and compare to zero

u = 0

The following points are undefined

u = 0

Combine undefined points with solutions:

u \approx 0.75487 \dots

Substitute back

u = sec (x)

sec (x) \approx 0.75487 \dots

sec (x) \approx 0.75487 \dots

sec (x) = 0.75487 \dots :

No Solution

sec (x) = 0.75487 \dots

sec (x) \leq - 1 or sec (x) \geq 1

No Solution

Combine all the solutions

No Solution

tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) - 1 = 0 : x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

tan^{2} (x) (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) - 1 = 0

Rewrite using trig identities

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) tan^{2} (x)

Use the Pythagorean identity:

tan^{2} (x) + 1 = sec^{2} (x)

tan^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x) - 1

= - 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1)

Simplify

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1) : sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} - 2

- 1 + (1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1)

Expand

(1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1) : sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

(1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )}) (sec^{2} (x) - 1)

Apply FOIL method:

(a + b) (c + d) = a c + a d + b c + b d

a = 1, b = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}, c = sec^{2} (x), d = - 1

= 1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) + 1 \cdot (- 1) + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} (- 1)

Apply minus-plus rules

+ (- a) = - a

= 1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Simplify

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )} : sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot 1 + \frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) - 1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x)

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x)

Multiply:

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x)

= sec^{2} (x)

1 \cdot 1 = 1

1 \cdot 1

Multiply the numbers:

1 \cdot 1 = 1

= 1

\frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x) = sec (x)

\frac{1}{sec ( x )} sec^{2} (x)

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= \frac{1 \cdot sec ^{2} ( x )}{sec ( x )}

Multiply:

1 \cdot sec^{2} (x) = sec^{2} (x)

= \frac{sec ^{2} ( x )}{sec ( x )}

Cancel the common factor:

sec (x)

= sec (x)

1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )} = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Multiply:

1 \cdot \frac{1}{sec ( x )} = \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

= - 1 + sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Simplify

- 1 + sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} : sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} - 2

- 1 + sec^{2} (x) - 1 + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )}

Group like terms

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} - 1 - 1

Subtract the numbers:

- 1 - 1 = - 2

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} - 2

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} - 2

= sec^{2} (x) + sec (x) - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} - 2

- 2 - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} + sec (x) + sec^{2} (x) = 0

Solve by substitution

- 2 - \frac{1}{sec ( x )} + sec (x) + sec^{2} (x) = 0

Let:

sec (x) = u

- 2 - \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0

- 2 - \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0 : u \approx - 0.44504 \dots, u \approx 1.24697 \dots, u \approx - 1.80193 \dots

- 2 - \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0

Multiply both sides by

u

- 2 - \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2} = 0

Multiply both sides by

u

- 2 u - \frac{1}{u} u + uu + u^{2} u = 0 \cdot u

Simplify

- 2 u - \frac{1}{u} u + uu + u^{2} u = 0 \cdot u

Simplify

- \frac{1}{u} u : - 1

- \frac{1}{u} u

Multiply fractions:

a \cdot \frac{b}{c} = \frac{a \cdot b}{c}

= - \frac{1 \cdot u}{u}

Cancel the common factor:

u

= - 1

Simplify

uu : u^{2}

uu

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

uu = u^{1 + 1}

= u^{1 + 1}

Add the numbers:

1 + 1 = 2

= u^{2}

Simplify

u^{2} u : u^{3}

u^{2} u

Apply exponent rule:

a^{b} \cdot a^{c} = a^{b + c}

u^{2} u = u^{2 + 1}

= u^{2 + 1}

Add the numbers:

2 + 1 = 3

= u^{3}

Simplify

0 \cdot u : 0

0 \cdot u

Apply rule

0 \cdot a = 0

= 0

- 2 u - 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

- 2 u - 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

- 2 u - 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

Solve

- 2 u - 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0 : u \approx - 0.44504 \dots, u \approx 1.24697 \dots, u \approx - 1.80193 \dots

- 2 u - 1 + u^{2} + u^{3} = 0

Write in the standard form

a_{n} x^{n} + \dots + a_{1} x + a_{0} = 0

u^{3} + u^{2} - 2 u - 1 = 0

Find one solution for

u^{3} + u^{2} - 2 u - 1 = 0

using Newton-Raphson:

u \approx - 0.44504 \dots

u^{3} + u^{2} - 2 u - 1 = 0

Newton-Raphson Approximation Definition

f (u) = u^{3} + u^{2} - 2 u - 1

Find

f^{^{'}} (u) : 3 u^{2} + 2 u - 2

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3} + u^{2} - 2 u - 1)

Apply the Sum/Difference Rule:

(f \pm g)^{'} = f^{'} \pm g^{'}

= \frac{d}{d u} (u^{3}) + \frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) - \frac{d}{d u} (2 u) - \frac{d}{d u} (1)

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3}) = 3 u^{2}

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{3})

Apply the Power Rule:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 3 u^{3 - 1}

Simplify

= 3 u^{2}

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) = 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2})

Apply the Power Rule:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 2 u^{2 - 1}

Simplify

= 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (2 u) = 2

\frac{d}{d u} (2 u)

Take the constant out:

(a \cdot f)^{'} = a \cdot f^{'}

= 2 \frac{d u}{d u}

Apply the common derivative:

\frac{d u}{d u} = 1

= 2 \cdot 1

Simplify

= 2

\frac{d}{d u} (1) = 0

\frac{d}{d u} (1)

Derivative of a constant:

\frac{d}{d x} (a) = 0

= 0

= 3 u^{2} + 2 u - 2 - 0

Simplify

= 3 u^{2} + 2 u - 2

Let

u_{0} = 0

Compute

u_{n + 1}

until

Δ u_{n + 1} < 0.000001

u_{1} = - 0.5 : Δ u_{1} = 0.5

f (u_{0}) = 0^{3} + 0^{2} - 2 \cdot 0 - 1 = - 1

f^{^{'}} (u_{0}) = 3 \cdot 0^{2} + 2 \cdot 0 - 2 = - 2

u_{1} = - 0.5

Δ u_{1} = ∣ - 0.5 - 0 ∣ = 0.5

Δ u_{1} = 0.5

u_{2} = - 0.44444 \dots : Δ u_{2} = 0.05555 \dots

f (u_{1}) = (- 0.5)^{3} + (- 0.5)^{2} - 2 (- 0.5) - 1 = 0.125

f^{^{'}} (u_{1}) = 3 (- 0.5)^{2} + 2 (- 0.5) - 2 = - 2.25

u_{2} = - 0.44444 \dots

Δ u_{2} = ∣ - 0.44444 \dots - (- 0.5) ∣ = 0.05555 \dots

Δ u_{2} = 0.05555 \dots

u_{3} = - 0.44504 \dots : Δ u_{3} = 0.00059 \dots

f (u_{2}) = (- 0.44444 \dots)^{3} + (- 0.44444 \dots)^{2} - 2 (- 0.44444 \dots) - 1 = - 0.00137 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{2}) = 3 (- 0.44444 \dots)^{2} + 2 (- 0.44444 \dots) - 2 = - 2.29629 \dots

u_{3} = - 0.44504 \dots

Δ u_{3} = ∣ - 0.44504 \dots - (- 0.44444 \dots) ∣ = 0.00059 \dots

Δ u_{3} = 0.00059 \dots

u_{4} = - 0.44504 \dots : Δ u_{4} = 5.19031 E - 8

f (u_{3}) = (- 0.44504 \dots)^{3} + (- 0.44504 \dots)^{2} - 2 (- 0.44504 \dots) - 1 = - 1.19164 E - 7

f^{^{'}} (u_{3}) = 3 (- 0.44504 \dots)^{2} + 2 (- 0.44504 \dots) - 2 = - 2.29589 \dots

u_{4} = - 0.44504 \dots

Δ u_{4} = ∣ - 0.44504 \dots - (- 0.44504 \dots) ∣ = 5.19031 E - 8

Δ u_{4} = 5.19031 E - 8

u \approx - 0.44504 \dots

Apply long division:

\frac{u ^{3} + u ^{2} - 2 u - 1}{u + 0.44504 \dots} = u^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots

u^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots \approx 0

Find one solution for

u^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots = 0

using Newton-Raphson:

u \approx 1.24697 \dots

u^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots = 0

Newton-Raphson Approximation Definition

f (u) = u^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots

Find

f^{^{'}} (u) : 2 u + 0.55495 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots)

Apply the Sum/Difference Rule:

(f \pm g)^{'} = f^{'} \pm g^{'}

= \frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) + \frac{d}{d u} (0.55495 \dots u) - \frac{d}{d u} (2.24697 \dots)

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2}) = 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (u^{2})

Apply the Power Rule:

\frac{d}{d x} (x^{a}) = a \cdot x^{a - 1}

= 2 u^{2 - 1}

Simplify

= 2 u

\frac{d}{d u} (0.55495 \dots u) = 0.55495 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (0.55495 \dots u)

Take the constant out:

(a \cdot f)^{'} = a \cdot f^{'}

= 0.55495 \dots \frac{d u}{d u}

Apply the common derivative:

\frac{d u}{d u} = 1

= 0.55495 \dots \cdot 1

Simplify

= 0.55495 \dots

\frac{d}{d u} (2.24697 \dots) = 0

\frac{d}{d u} (2.24697 \dots)

Derivative of a constant:

\frac{d}{d x} (a) = 0

= 0

= 2 u + 0.55495 \dots - 0

Simplify

= 2 u + 0.55495 \dots

Let

u_{0} = 4

Compute

u_{n + 1}

until

Δ u_{n + 1} < 0.000001

u_{1} = 2.13291 \dots : Δ u_{1} = 1.86708 \dots

f (u_{0}) = 4^{2} + 0.55495 \dots \cdot 4 - 2.24697 \dots = 15.97285 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{0}) = 2 \cdot 4 + 0.55495 \dots = 8.55495 \dots

u_{1} = 2.13291 \dots

Δ u_{1} = ∣ 2.13291 \dots - 4 ∣ = 1.86708 \dots

Δ u_{1} = 1.86708 \dots

u_{2} = 1.40979 \dots : Δ u_{2} = 0.72312 \dots

f (u_{1}) = 2.13291 \dots^{2} + 0.55495 \dots \cdot 2.13291 \dots - 2.24697 \dots = 3.48601 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{1}) = 2 \cdot 2.13291 \dots + 0.55495 \dots = 4.82078 \dots

u_{2} = 1.40979 \dots

Δ u_{2} = ∣ 1.40979 \dots - 2.13291 \dots ∣ = 0.72312 \dots

Δ u_{2} = 0.72312 \dots

u_{3} = 1.25483 \dots : Δ u_{3} = 0.15495 \dots

f (u_{2}) = 1.40979 \dots^{2} + 0.55495 \dots \cdot 1.40979 \dots - 2.24697 \dots = 0.52290 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{2}) = 2 \cdot 1.40979 \dots + 0.55495 \dots = 3.37453 \dots

u_{3} = 1.25483 \dots

Δ u_{3} = ∣ 1.25483 \dots - 1.40979 \dots ∣ = 0.15495 \dots

Δ u_{3} = 0.15495 \dots

u_{4} = 1.24699 \dots : Δ u_{4} = 0.00783 \dots

f (u_{3}) = 1.25483 \dots^{2} + 0.55495 \dots \cdot 1.25483 \dots - 2.24697 \dots = 0.02401 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{3}) = 2 \cdot 1.25483 \dots + 0.55495 \dots = 3.06462 \dots

u_{4} = 1.24699 \dots

Δ u_{4} = ∣ 1.24699 \dots - 1.25483 \dots ∣ = 0.00783 \dots

Δ u_{4} = 0.00783 \dots

u_{5} = 1.24697 \dots : Δ u_{5} = 0.00002 \dots

f (u_{4}) = 1.24699 \dots^{2} + 0.55495 \dots \cdot 1.24699 \dots - 2.24697 \dots = 0.00006 \dots

f^{^{'}} (u_{4}) = 2 \cdot 1.24699 \dots + 0.55495 \dots = 3.04895 \dots

u_{5} = 1.24697 \dots

Δ u_{5} = ∣ 1.24697 \dots - 1.24699 \dots ∣ = 0.00002 \dots

Δ u_{5} = 0.00002 \dots

u_{6} = 1.24697 \dots : Δ u_{6} = 1.32956 E - 10

f (u_{5}) = 1.24697 \dots^{2} + 0.55495 \dots \cdot 1.24697 \dots - 2.24697 \dots = 4.05373 E - 10

f^{^{'}} (u_{5}) = 2 \cdot 1.24697 \dots + 0.55495 \dots = 3.04891 \dots

u_{6} = 1.24697 \dots

Δ u_{6} = ∣ 1.24697 \dots - 1.24697 \dots ∣ = 1.32956 E - 10

Δ u_{6} = 1.32956 E - 10

u \approx 1.24697 \dots

Apply long division:

\frac{u ^{2} + 0.55495 \dots u - 2.24697 \dots}{u - 1.24697 \dots} = u + 1.80193 \dots

u + 1.80193 \dots \approx 0

u \approx - 1.80193 \dots

The solutions are

u \approx - 0.44504 \dots, u \approx 1.24697 \dots, u \approx - 1.80193 \dots

u \approx - 0.44504 \dots, u \approx 1.24697 \dots, u \approx - 1.80193 \dots

Verify Solutions

Find undefined (singularity) points:

u = 0

Take the denominator(s) of

- 2 - \frac{1}{u} + u + u^{2}

and compare to zero

u = 0

The following points are undefined

u = 0

Combine undefined points with solutions:

u \approx - 0.44504 \dots, u \approx 1.24697 \dots, u \approx - 1.80193 \dots

Substitute back

u = sec (x)

sec (x) \approx - 0.44504 \dots, sec (x) \approx 1.24697 \dots, sec (x) \approx - 1.80193 \dots

sec (x) \approx - 0.44504 \dots, sec (x) \approx 1.24697 \dots, sec (x) \approx - 1.80193 \dots

sec (x) = - 0.44504 \dots :

No Solution

sec (x) = - 0.44504 \dots

sec (x) \leq - 1 or sec (x) \geq 1

No Solution

sec (x) = 1.24697 \dots : x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn

sec (x) = 1.24697 \dots

Apply trig inverse properties

sec (x) = 1.24697 \dots

General solutions for

sec (x) = 1.24697 \dots

sec (x) = a \Rightarrow x = arcsec (a) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (a) + 2 πn

x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn

x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn

sec (x) = - 1.80193 \dots : x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

sec (x) = - 1.80193 \dots

Apply trig inverse properties

sec (x) = - 1.80193 \dots

General solutions for

sec (x) = - 1.80193 \dots

sec (x) = - a \Rightarrow x = arcsec (- a) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- a) + 2 πn

x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

Combine all the solutions

x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

Combine all the solutions

x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

Verify solutions by plugging them into the original equation

Check the solutions by plugging them into

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

Remove the ones that don't agree with the equation.

Check the solution

arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn :

True

arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn

Plug in

n = 1

arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 π 1

For

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

plug in

x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 π 1

tan^{2} (arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 π 1) = \frac{1}{cos ( arcsec ( 1.24697 \dots ) + 2 π 1 ) + 1}

Refine

0.55495 \dots = 0.55495 \dots

\Rightarrow True

Check the solution

2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn :

True

2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn

Plug in

n = 1

2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 π 1

For

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

plug in

x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 π 1

tan^{2} (2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 π 1) = \frac{1}{cos ( 2 π - arcsec ( 1.24697 \dots ) + 2 π 1 ) + 1}

Refine

0.55495 \dots = 0.55495 \dots

\Rightarrow True

Check the solution

arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn :

True

arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

Plug in

n = 1

arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 π 1

For

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

plug in

x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 π 1

tan^{2} (arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 π 1) = \frac{1}{cos ( arcsec ( - 1.80193 \dots ) + 2 π 1 ) + 1}

Refine

2.24697 \dots = 2.24697 \dots

\Rightarrow True

Check the solution

- arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn :

True

- arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

Plug in

n = 1

- arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 π 1

For

tan^{2} (x) = \frac{1}{cos ( x ) + 1}

plug in

x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 π 1

tan^{2} (- arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 π 1) = \frac{1}{cos ( - arcsec ( - 1.80193 \dots ) + 2 π 1 ) + 1}

Refine

2.24697 \dots = 2.24697 \dots

\Rightarrow True

x = arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = 2 π - arcsec (1.24697 \dots) + 2 πn, x = arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn, x = - arcsec (- 1.80193 \dots) + 2 πn

Show solutions in decimal form

x = 0.64026 \dots + 2 πn, x = 2 π - 0.64026 \dots + 2 πn, x = 2.15910 \dots + 2 πn, x = - 2.15910 \dots + 2 πn

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